Wednesday, August 8, 2012

Cheating on God: A Brief Note On Violence In The Bible



I'm teaching the 4th class in my Old Testament class tonight. My goal is to cover all of Joshua and Judges and as much of 1 Samuel as I can.

Joshua and Judges are arguably the two most violent books of the whole Bible and usually come up when arguing the place that the Bible has as a central text in informing moral values within western civilization. I remember reading a very graphic comic that Nail Gaiman produced on the most despicable episode from Judges, implying that anyone who uses the Bible to teach morality is out of their minds.

The point of both Joshua and Judges is to show how bad things can get when God is forgotten. The people make up "gods" for themselves. In this context, "gods" refers not only to little sculptures made of clay or metals. The word "gods" means something that you have created for yourself to fulfill your own desires. These "gods" would say what the people wanted to hear because their voices were actually the expressions of the people who made them. These "gods" would encourage people to do what they want already wanted to do because they were thinly veiled projections of the desires of the people.

The result of this way of living was a slow but inevitable collapse of their society. People became more selfish and therefore more violent. Eventually, the people would sense the problem but not its cause. In Judges 10, the people express their frustrations to the God that they abandoned: "We have sinned against you, because we have abandoned our God and have worshiped the Baals [i.e. gods of their own making]" (Judges 10:10). This was a matter of fact, a confession of guilt. But in His response, God does not help them. God's response is classic "Go and cry to the gods whom you have chosen; let them deliver you in the time of distress" (Judges 10:14). If this was put in terms of a relationship, they were admitting to "cheating on" God, but not willing to give up the adulterous relationship. Finally, the people wise up and "put away the foreign gods from among them and worshiped the LORD; and he could no longer bear to see Israel suffer" (Judges 10:16).

Of course, Judges has another 11 chapters that follow and the situation will grow more dire following this brief moment of respite. By the beginning of 1 Samuel, the righteous are a precious few. Judges wants to answer a few key questions: Why do we need a king? How and why did things get so bad for us? What is the purpose of the Law? And perhaps most importantly: Did God do this to us...or did we do this to ourselves? The answer to that last question is complicated. There are three possibilities within the Old Testament: 1) God outright calls for violence 2) God permits violent actions and 3) God outright prohibits violence.

The reality is that all three positions are found within the Old Testament. There are times when God calls for violence. Pacifism was not a national policy for ancient Israel. More importantly, it was definitely not the policy of the nations that surrounded them. The Psalms will sometimes talk about being delivered from "the violent". Violence was only condoned for two reasons: as a penalty for breaking the law (ex: "eye for an eye", Ex 21:24) or for warfare (Deut 20). In the New Testament, Jesus will "finish" these teachings. Matthew 5, Jesus will say: "You have heard that it was said, 'An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.' But I say to you, Do not resist an evildoer. But if anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other also, and if anyone wants to sue you and take your coat, give your cloak as well; and if anyone forces you to go one mile, go also the second mile (Mat 5:38-41). Jesus shows us that the principal of the law wasn't penalty or violence, but justice. Jesus extols mercy as the highest expression of love for your neighbor. If that is true, than mercy doesn't abolish justice but fulfills it. In the old covenant, God makes provisions for people to use violence to survive among violent nations. Jesus, on the other hand, makes it possible for His followers to survive in a violent world without turning to violence.

This helps answer why God will permit violent actions that He Himself did not initiate with no obvious penalty. For example, in chapter 2 of First Kings King David commands his son and successor Solomon to pay back all of the men who betrayed him and tried to cause him harm. Kind David is a king of a nation amongst other kings of other nations. He is not outright condemned for acting as other kings act. But it can be argued that David's actions come in the wake of a tailspin to his rule that began when he seduced the wife of his loyal soldier Uriah (2 Samuel 11). Moreover, this episode in First Kings begins a cycle of violence and disobedience that will culminate in two successive exiles of the people of Israel and the collapse of their monarchies. When violence goes unchecked and isn't condemned, then the lives of the violent will inevitably end in violence. The people of Israel remember this principal in their Proverbs when it says: "Do not envy the violent and do not choose any of their ways; for the perverse are an abomination to the LORD, but the upright are in his confidence" (Pro 3:31-32).

Lastly, there are certainly ways that God clearly condemns violence in the Old Testament. Innocent life is protected by the Torah: "You shall not wrong or oppress a resident alien, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt. You shall not abuse any widow or orphan. If you do abuse them, when they cry out to me, I will surely heed their cry" (Ex 22:21-23). The resident alien, the widow, and the orphan stand for all the most vulnerable and unprotected in their own society. These laws protected the vulnerable people among the Israelites from violence and were to a degree extended to all non-threatening nations. When a town was set to be conquered, the people of Israel would first offer terms of peace (Deut 20:10). If they accepted, the people of that town was placed in forced labor. The major exception to this policy were the nations already living in the promised land: the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites (Deut 20:17). They were to be totally annihilated, including women and children.

Those passages of the Torah are more than a little chilling. As a reader living in the 21st century, I would be remiss to read them with a look of self-righteous indignation on my face. The more I reflect on those commands to violence, the more I realize that I am reading them as a product of over 20 centuries of exposure to the Gospels. Even a cursory understanding of the Gospels tells us that Jesus condemned violence and vengeance. If he described violence at all it was either in descriptive (as opposed to prescriptive) terms (cf. Matt 10:21f), in a cautionary context (cf. Matt 26:52), as an outright prohibition (Matt 5:38f), or within the narrative of a parable (Luke 10:25ff, 20:9ff). In Matthew 10:34-39, Jesus ambiguously speaks of of his mission not as one of bringing peace, but of bringing a sword, "to set a man against his father, and a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law;and one's foes will be members of one's own household" (Matt 10:35-36). It seems clear that the reference is not to actual violence, but the situation of strife that the Christian message can cause within a family if not everyone accepts it. This seems far more realistic than people give it credit for being. If you can think of a family where siblings or parents do not share the same convictions, then it's not hard to imagine conflict arising out of that.

In his 2010 Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation "Verbum Domini", Pope Benedict XVI discussed the "'dark' passages of Scripture". I think it's the most useful tool to approaching stories of violence in Scripture.He noted that such stories need to be read within their historical context. Above, I mentioned that that laws regarding warfare or the conduct of a king make sense when you place them within their cultural milieu. The corrective to violence in the Bible is the message of prophets. Pope Benedict XVI notes that "in the Old Testament, the preaching of the prophets vigorously challenged every kind of injustice and violence, whether collective or individual, and thus became God’s way of training his people in preparation for the Gospel."

But above all of that is our need to acknowledge the uneasiness that violent stories in the Bible cause in us. One extreme is to say that stories of violence nullify the worth of the Bible for modern society. For one, so many of those stories are cautionary tales and yield great value if you finish the story. But also, acknowledging the place of the Bible in Western Civilization is simply a matter of fact. Western Civilization is built on not only the Greco-Roman culture but Jewish culture as well. To excise the place of the Biblical tradition from our collective patrimony is an exercise of extreme postmodern narcissism, where all established narratives are nothing more than acts of cultural imperialism. The origins of our laws, our art, our modes of expression, and our ways of thinking are simply unthinkable without this tradition, whether they were formed because of this tradition or in opposition to this tradition. It is among our culture's first great ideas and projects.

Lastly, these stories make us uncomfortable because we have inherited the fruit of this tradition, namely the laws of love, sacrifice, and compassion that are established in the life and teachings of Jesus. Pope Benedict makes this point when he writes that "we should be aware that the correct interpretation of these passages requires a degree of expertise, acquired through a training that interprets the texts in their historical-literary context and within the Christian perspective which has as its ultimate hermeneutical key 'the Gospel and the new commandment of Jesus Christ brought about in the paschal mystery'”. The Gospel established the reprehensibility of violence. We feel uneasy precisely because of the revolution in Jesus' teachings.

If you accept even the broad sketches that make up this story, then this last point is a wondrous thing. God works with His people as a father works with his child. The father speaks to his child in ways that they can understand. A father tolerates certain expressions of immaturity as the children are in the process of growing and learning. A father will speak with language that the children can understand even if there is more to say on a subject. A father acknowledges that a child grows and matures slowly and isn't afraid to challenge them along the way. It would be foolish to expect a father to speak to his adult son or daughter in the same way that he did when they were small children. A father will expect more from a relationship with a grown son or daughter than he did when they were small children. The constant is the relationship.

In Christ, God says something definitive to His children. He acknowledges their often violent past but also instills in them a healthy regret for perpetuating it. When we acknowledge that past, we can learn from it: the pain, the sorrow, the regret. In Christ, our neighbors become our brothers and sisters. To spill their blood is ultimately to spill our own. We cannot go there again.

Wednesday, June 27, 2012

Eagerly Awaiting: On Prophets, Wonder Workers, and the First Century



This is the first of a two part post. I think the second one will be more interesting, but it needs a little background. This last Sunday, the Church celebrated the Nativity of St John the Baptist. John is one of the most fascinating people in the whole Bible. He's a lot like the Old Testament prophet Samuel in that he stands at a great crossroad in the religious history of the People of God.The book of First Samuel recalls Samuel as both seer and prophet, noting that "Formerly in Israel, anyone who went to inquire of God would say, “Come, let us go to the seer”; for the one who is now called a prophet was formerly called a seer" (1 Samuel 9:9). Samuel ushers in the prophetic age, an age that (in the Christian tradition) would end with John the Baptist. The figure that would later be synonymous with the prophets was not Samuel, however, but Elijah the Tishbite (1 Kings 17ff).

This first part will sketch out the role of prophets and "wonder workers" among the people of Israel in the centuries leading into first century, when Jesus of Nazareth and John the Baptist lived. The second will deal with some really cool stuff in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. It's not "cool" cool, but cool for me and maybe even cool for you if you dig this kind of thing. To be honest, this first part is a bit dry. I only included the things that would make the second part easier to read. I didn't make it one big post because, honestly, it would be way longer than it already is. If you walk out with a deeper appreciation for the milieu of the prophets, then that's great. You might even want to skip it if you already know a lot about the prophets. The second part will be more interesting. I hope.

Jesus and John the Baptist were unique not only for what they did and who they were, but also how they stood out from other interesting figures from the 1st century. It can be a surprise to find out that Jesus and John were not the only reputed wonder workers and prophetic figures to appear in the hotbed of Roman-occupied Palestine.





I: On Prophets, Wonder Workers, and the First Century

On Prophets

Prophets had a unique role in Jewish history. In the 8th century before Christ, when the Assyrians occupied the Northern Kingdom of Israel and exiled its inhabitants, prophets were at the ready to warn and to rebuke. The same thing happened in the 6th century BCE when the Babylonians exiled all but the poorest in the Southern Kingdom of Judah. Ditto when the Seleucid Empire exercised a political and cultural hegemony of the Jewish people. From the time of Samuel on up, prophets were not hard to find. King Saul twice encounters wandering bands of prophets. Prophets seemed to hover the thrones of the kings of Israel and Judah as a sort of check and balance to their rule. Prophets were a reminder of the ironclad interrelationship of spiritual well-being shared between the ruler and ruled. Like St Augustine, who attributed the fall of Rome to moral and spiritual decay, the prophets warned that the success of the nation depended totally on their relationships to both God and one another.

In the history of the people of Israel, prophets were ubiquitous enough for there to be a need to distinguish between two kinds of them: the true prophet and the false prophet. False prophets were not necessarily charlatans. Deuteronomy acknowledges their capacity to interpret signs with accuracy and predict the future, if only to lead the people away from God (Deuteronomy 13:1-5). The Book of Kings contains a few examples of false prophets: an old prophet in Bethel manipulates a legitimate prophet into disobeying his mission is one episode (1 Kings 13:11-19). In another, the Judahite king Jehoshaphat summoning 400 prophets, all of whom except Micaiah son of Imlah were false (1 Kings 22:1-28). False prophets don't assume an office illegitimately. They are certainly recognized as "prophets", albeit of the false variety.

While living at different times and through different circumstances, the message of the prophets would often return to two common themes: justice and right worship. Justice dealt largely with caring for the weakest in society, typified in the widow and the orphan. This also covered other moral issues as the people were in a binding covenant with God, a covenant that included the acceptance of the Law by all of God's people in perpetuity and was periodically renewed (ex: Deuteronomy 29). The second dealt with right worship, itself an issue of justice because it was included in the law. But beyond that, worship was a "blueprint" of heavenly things. The Temple in Jerusalem corresponded to God's Temple in heaven (ex: Isaiah 6).

A good prophet was not a popular figure. In fact, their authenticity was usually recognized retroactively. A prophet was usually a failure in his own lifetime and they were often killed because of their smoldering unpopularity. Jesus famously rebuked the scribes and Pharisees on this point:

"Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you build the tombs of the prophets and decorate the graves of the righteous, and you say, 'If we had lived in the days of our ancestors, we would not have taken part with them in shedding the blood of the prophets.' Thus you testify against yourselves that you are descendants of those who murdered the prophets. Fill up, then, the measure of your ancestors. You snakes, you brood of vipers! How can you escape being sentenced to hell?" (Matthew 23:29-33)

Prophets were on guard at every major juncture of the history of of the People of God, warning the people and their leaders to change their ways as though they were in a car that was speeding towards a cliff. In time, their wisdom was collected and served as a perpetual reminder for God's people to read the signs of the times and to have the courage to change what needed to be changed.

Prophets and Wonder Workers in the First Century

As is popularly known, the Romans were not popular among the Jewish people, as their long history of self-governance attests. Theirs was not a time of miracles but of lament. The wonders of Moses were part of an ancient history, about as close to them in time as the High Middle Ages are to us in the 21st century. The last public miracle that the people of Israel had experienced collectively was the showdown between the great prophet Elijah and the 450 prophets of the Canaanite god Baal over 800 years before the birth of Christ. This same Elijah was central to the later understanding of the prophet, serving as the model of the divinely inspired wonder-working prophet. The later prophet Malachi, writing around 400 years after Elijah lived and a century after the Babylonian Exile, speaking in God's name declared that "I will send you the prophet Elijah before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes" (Malachi 4:5).

Malachi's prophecy was still buzzing almost 500 years later when the Roman occupation was entering its ninth decade. Like before in their history, the people of Israel were forced again to reevaluate their own identity while in the grip of a foreign power. A Jew living in the first century was aware of two conflicting realities. One was a cultural memory of unified self-governance under the kings David and Solomon some thousand years prior. The other reality was far more grim, that in the thousand years bridging David to their present, the people of Israel had fallen victim to no less than six great kingdoms or empires: Assyrian, Babylonian, Medo-Persian, Ptolemaic, Seleucid, and now Roman. At each stage, the biblical literature reflects both a deepening desire for deliverance and growing hope for a deliverer. The great prophetic figures were not only heroes from their ancient past, but types to discern God's greater designs in an ever unfolding history.

"I will send you the prophet Elijah before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes" (Malachi 4:5). This was a messianic prophecy. In his book "The One Who Is To Come", New Testament scholar Fr Joseph Fitzmyer traced the development of the idea of the Messiah as it fermented in the centuries leading into the first half of the first century. The understanding that God would deliver His people was personified in the figure of the Messiah. There were many hopes for this Messiah, that he would reestablish the throne of David, that he would conquer oppressors, that he would bring peace and justice to the downtrodden people of Israel. As tensions increased because of the Roman occupation, so did the hope that God would do something to correct this.

Both Josephus and the Talmuds remember a few figures who emerged at this time that seemed to fulfill this hope. Honi the Circle-drawer was a Jewish holy man that lived about 60 years before Christ's birth. He is remembered as having the ability to command the rain in God's name. One rabbinic tradition compared Honi with Elijah, saying that "No man has existed comparable to Elijah and Honi the Circle-drawer causing mankind to serve God" (Vermes, pg 117). A man known as Jesus son of Ananias preached in the streets of Jerusalem in the years leading up to the catastrophic destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, recalling both the prophet Jeremiah's laments against the great city and Jesus' own words (Matthew 23:37-39). Hanina Ben Dosa lived at the same time as Jesus of Nazareth and is later remembered as a healer and miracle worker (Vermes, 99-102).

But the memory of none of them survived with the persistence of Jesus and John. And while these others were not all necessarily messianic figures, they did reflect a desire on the part of God's people for God to act, to right the wrong, to make Himself known again like He did in the past.

"I will send you the prophet Elijah before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes" (Malachi 4:5).

Saturday, June 23, 2012

A Bell Still Rings



This might seem cheesy, and not a little romanticized. On the bottom of this post is something you should hear. But first, some context:

Around a year ago or so a tiny gold bell was found while excavating the old city of Jerusalem. This tiny gold bell is 2,000 years old. It was most likely sewn onto the garment of a high official, ringing as they walked. Given the description of the high priestly garments in the book of Exodus, it is certainly possible that it could have belonged to the high priest though there is no way of knowing for sure.

There are obviously no photographs from that time period and little in the way of artwork that would clarify what that world looked like in a unified sense. Archaeology provides "pieces" of that world and we are left to try and visualize it. Both the 1st century Jewish historian Josephus and the four Gospels writers give a clearer vision of what Jerusalem was like in the first century in their writing. But again, the temptation is to see that world as static, almost non-existent.

This tiny little bell also survived from that time, and it still rings. This short sound clip gives you a sense of what that world SOUNDED like, if only for the few moments when someone who was considered important passed you by. It was crafted, found to be useable, sewn onto someone's clothing as a sign of status, and presumably warn regularly. While I doubt that anyone focused on this little golden sphere, its presence nonetheless communicated a sense of awe or indignation, envy or pity, safety or unease. And that bell's sound let someone know that you were coming. If you were in the presence of the person who wore it long enough, you would've learned to ignore it. When someone first encountered the sound, they may have been struck by it's peculiarity. If you were blind, it was as sure a sign of status as sight.

Given his ability to mix with both the respectable and the despised, Jesus was undoubtedly familiar with this sound and what it meant. It may have been a reminder that he had left the rural and rocky Galilee and ascended to the heights of Jerusalem...a move from simplicity into the city. The juxtaposition of the homeless wandering rabbi and high society would have been clear in this simple distinction in dress. The sound of a lifeless gold bell "spoke" of the nature of its wearer, of his wealth and prominence. Upon entering into Jerusalem and being heralded by its shouting crowds as Son of David and the coming King of Israel, Jesus assured the rebuking Pharisees that “if these [crowds] were silent, the stones would shout out” (Luke 19:40).

I love sound. Sound is more mysterious than sight. Most of the sciences seem to rely more on sight than any other sense, on the ability to observe. Usually, what we hear is treated with a level of suspicion: a testimony or a confession, strange sounds in an empty house, whispering strangers, the hints of unseen activity. There are certain things that, if seen, can move us or shake us up. But they are defined. The things we hear but cannot see force our mind to fill in the images because we can't stand ambiguity.

But our hearing can also make things real. Coupled with sight, it grounds our concepts. Today, most silent films seem to come from a fantasy world because most of us can't relate to soundless image. What we hear is important. I'm sure that part of what makes modern man so suspicious of religion and faith is the fact that they are grounded on testimony, on the things that we have heard from others. St. Paul says in his letter to the Romans that "faith comes from what is heard, and what is heard comes through the word of Christ" (Romans 10:17). Believing what you hear is a gamble because accepting what you have heard as truth depends entirely on how much you trust the person speaking. And even then, questions can linger.

This is a bell from 2,000 years ago that still rings. And here's what it sounds like: